Black Holes Essay -- Essays Papers

Black Holes Every day we look out upon the night sky, wondering and dreaming of what lies beyond our planet. The universe that we live in is so diverse and unique, and it interests us to learn about all the variance that lies beyond our grasp. Within this marvel of wonders, our universe holds a mystery that is very difficult to understand because of the complications that arise when trying to examine and explore the principles of space. That mystery happens to be that of the ever elusive, black hole. This essay will hopefully give you the knowledge and understanding of the concepts, properties, and processes involved with the space phenomenon of the black hole. It will describe how a black hole is generally formed, how it functions, and the effects it has on the universe. By definition, a black hole is a region where matter collapses to infinite density, and where, as a result, the curvature of space-time is extreme. Moreover, the intense gravitational field of the black hole prevents any light or other electromagnetic radiation from escaping. But where lies the â€Å"point of no return† at which any matter or energy is doomed to disappear from the visible universe? The black hole’s surface is known as the event horizon. Behind this horizon, the inward pull of gravity is overwhelming and no information about the black hole’s interior can escape to the outer universe. Applying the Einstein Field Equations to collapsing stars, Kurt Schwarzschild discovered the critical radius for a given mass at which matter would collapse into an infinitely dense state known as a singularity. At the center of the black hole lies the singularity, where matter is crushed to infinite density, the pull of gravity is infinitely strong, and space-time has infinite curvature. Here it is no longer meaningful to speak of space and time, much less space-time. Jumbled up at the singularity, space and time as we know them cease to exist. At the singularity, the laws of physics break down, including Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. This is known as Quantum Gravity. In this realm, space and time are broken apart and cause and effect cannot be unraveled. Even today, there is no satisfactory theory for what happens at and beyond the rim of the singularity. A rotating black hole has an interesting feature, called a Cauchy horizon... ...rams were made showing how astronomers believe that if somehow you were to survive through the center of the black hole that there would be enough gravitational force to possible warp you to another end in the universe or possibly to another universe. The creative deas that can be hypothesized from this discovery are endless. Although our universe is filled with many unexplained, glorious phenomena, it is our duty to continue exploring them and to continue learning, but in the process we must not take any of it for granted. As you have read, black holes are a major topic within our universe and they contain so much curiosity that they could possibly hold unlimited uses. Black holes are a sensation that astronomers are still very puzzled with. It seems that as we get closer to solving their existence and functions, we only end up with more and more questions. Although these questions just lead us into more and more unanswered problems we seek and find refuge into them, dreaming that maybe one far off distant day, we will understand all the conceptions and we will be able to use the universe to our advantage and go where only our dreams could take us.

Abortion Is a Social Failure

Leanna Sullivan English 111 Christina Forsyth April 4, 2009 â€Å"Abortion Is a Social Failure† Abortion is said to be â€Å"a woman’s choice. † Women do have the choice, the choice should be to do what is best for their child whether the pregnancy is planned or not. The resources should be made available for the mother to do that. There should be more funding for public services and health care for extremely low income families. Abortion is wrong and it harms the society that we live in. In 1973, the U. S. Supreme Court made abortion on demand the law of the land. With Roe v. Wade, the Court forced America to revoke the commitment to â€Å"life, liberty and justice for all. † Abortion advocates guaranteed us that making abortion easy would mean â€Å"’every child a wanted child’,†(Mealey) which would reduce child abuse and it would reduce crime. Those unwanted children who often develop into criminals would never be born. This would decrease murder rates and criminal activity; thus for, those unwanted children would never have the opportunity to act out and disrupt society. â€Å"It would protect vulnerable women from being butchered by untrained abortionists cashing in on their desperation. Widespread abortion could only lead to stronger women, stronger families and a stronger society, they promised. † (Mealey) With almost 46 million â€Å"unwanted† children murdered because of abortion since 1973 ruling, there should have been a decrease in child abuse. That did not happen. In 2003, nearly 1 million children were victims of abuse and neglected, experts calculated approximately that â€Å"three times that number was actually abused. Almost 1,500 children died of their injuries that year, according to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, which reports that all types of child abuse have increased since 1980. The plan to reduce crime by getting rid of the possible perpetrators’ just did not work out the way they wanted it to. Children were murdered to decrease murder rates and criminal activity. Also, according to Yale University law professor John Lott and Australian economist John Whitley, states that legalized abortion noticed higher h omicide rates almost every year between 1976 and 1998. They found that legalizing abortion increased state murder rates up to 7 percent. The plan to reduce crime by getting rid of possible perpetrators did not work either. Abortion can be a public health issue. In countries where abortion is not legal, approximately, 20 million women have unsafe abortion each year. (Fisanick) If legal abortion is not available, women will danger their health to end an unplanned pregnancy. Abortion is legal because the rights of the mother surpass the rights of the fetus and the fetus shows no sign of brain activity until well into the second trimester. The United States has tried to defend the rights of the fetus, but no one can determine the boundaries. Every year 45 million pregnancies end in abortion. Almost half of those abortions are medically unsafe, and end in the deaths of nearly 70,000 women. (Fisanick) When death does not occur from unsafe abortion, women can have long-term disabilities, such as uterine perforation, chronic pelvic pain or pelvic inflammatory disease. Therefore, making abortion legal and available are public health issues. â€Å"Criminalizing abortion does not save babies; it kills mothers. † () However, now it is safe with medical and surgical methods. Many countries have legalized abortion. According to the United Nations Population Fund, Where abortion is safe and legal, rates of abortion tend to be low. In contrast to the claim that thousands of women died because of illegal abortion before the ruling of Roe v. Wade, the actually figure for the deaths reported was only 263 in 1950. In 1970 that total even dropped to 119 deaths of women due to abortion. Legalizing abortion was supposed to eliminate the chance that a woman would be injured or killed during an abortion. Even though abortion is legal, it is still the fifth leading cause of pregnant women in the United States. (Mealey) In the Miami Herald, there was a story ran about a local abortion clinic. A woman died because of the conditions of the clinic. Another woman was mutilated. Abortion advocates knew about the clinic's conditions but did not say anything because of political reasons. Now, how in anyone’s right mind could they allow such horrendous acts to take place is beyond me. Just to keep the peace no one said anything. Abortions are legal to benefit the mother, so if the mother is dead or mutilated how did she receive any help. Needless to say, the most frequent gynecologic emergencies are problems preceding an abortion performed in a self-supporting clinic. (Mealey) Banning abortion as the consequence of denying women right to use a procedure that may be needed for their enjoyment of their right to health, according to the human rights act. Only women can experience the physical and emotional aspects of unwanted pregnancy. Some women suffer maternity-related injuries, such as hemorrhage or obstructed labor. Denying women access to medical services that enable th em to regulate their fertility or terminate a dangerous pregnancy amounts to a refusal to provide health care that only women need. Women are consequently exposed to health risks not experienced by men. Laws that deny the availability to abortion, have the purpose of denying a women's capacity to make responsible decisions about their bodies and their lives. Indeed, governments may find the potential consequences of allowing women to make such decisions threatening in some circumstances. Recognizing women's sexual and reproductive autonomy contradicts long-standing social norms that render women lower to men in their families and communities. It is not surprising that unwillingness to allow women to make their own decisions. Many Americans see abortion as â€Å"necessary† to avert â€Å"the back alley. In this sense, the notion of legal abortion as a â€Å"necessary evil† is based on a series of myths widely disseminated since the 1960s. These myths captured the public mind and have yet to be rebutted. One to two million illegal abortions occurred annually before legalization. In fact, the annual total in the few years before abortion on demand was no more than tens o f thousands and most likely fewer. Thousands of women died annually from abortions before legalization. As a leader in the legalization movement, Abortion law targeted women rather than abortionists before legalization. In fact, the nearly uniform policy of the states for nearly a century before 1973 was to treat the woman as the second victim of abortion. Legalized abortion has been good for women. In fact, women still die from legal abortion, and the general impact on health has had many negative consequences, including the physical and psychological toll that many women bear, the epidemic of sexually transmitted disease, the general coarsening of male-female relationships over the past 30 years, the threefold increase in the repeat-abortion rate, and the increase in hospitalizations from ectopic pregnancies. A generation of Americans educated by these myths sees little alternative to legalized abortion. It is commonly believed that prohibitions on abortion would not reduce abortion and only push thousands of women into â€Å"the back alley† where many would be killed or injured. Prohibitions would mean no fewer abortions and more women injured or killed. The better approach would be to make abortion less necessary. The first thing that needs to be done is to reduce the occurrence of unplanned pregnancy. Half of all pregnancies are unplanned and out of that half, half of them get abortions. If we showed dedication for getting out the information about abstinence and contraception; and public funding for family planning services, I know more women would be willing to keep their babies. Women who are able to avoid unplanned pregnancy do not have to make the decision of whether to have an abortion. Unfortunately, there will always be some unplanned pregnancies. Therefore, once a woman finds herself with an unplanned pregnancy, another way to reduce abortion is to guarantee that she has the resources to have and raise a child. One of the two most common reasons women choose abortion is because they cannot manage to pay for another child. Providing low-income women with education, career opportunities, Works Cited Brown, Diana. â€Å"Abortion Should Not Be Restricted. † At Issue: Should Abortion Rights Be Restricted?. Ed. Auriana Ojeda. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Ivy Tech – Terre Haute. 14 Feb. 2009 . Mealey, Misty. â€Å"Abortion Is a Social Failure. † Current Controversies: The Abortion Controversy. Ed. Emma Bernay. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Ivy Tech – Terre Haute. 11 Feb. 2009

What Are Herbivores

Reggae Is Not Only A Type Of Music - 1560 Words

For indigenous communities throughout the world, reggae is not only a type of music, but a culture. One of the most worldwide forms of popular culture, reggae is able to be found in many communities, such as Native American, Aboriginal Australian, Hawaiian and Pacific. Reggae has a very well known and well defined associated culture. It must be kept in mind the appeal of the Rastafarian ‘lifestyle’ associated with the reggae genre. For many youth in indigenous communities, this lifestyle may be seen as more attractive than the music itself, hence why the popularity of the genre in countries where youth are displaced, disenfranchised or displeased with social, political and economic conditions. However, the meanings in the lyrics attached to reggae music are reflective of these conditions. As a music and a culture, reggae is undoubtedly rebellious. Both the sound of reggae and the message within it convey a sense of struggle which many indigenous communities identify with . It is able to be used by indigenous communities as a platform to discuss shared experiences of colonial imperialism and supremacy, and examples of reggae differ depending on what community and country it was produced in. These groups have shared experiences of colonialism and subjugation by hegemonic (often white) powers. Reggae is popular in indigenous communities for both its sound and message. It is adopted and transformed by these communities to affirm particular indigenous identities whilst globallyShow MoreRelated reggae music Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pages Reggae is the most internationally famous style of Caribbean music. Reggae, which is one of the world’s most influential music, was originated in Jamaica around the mid 1960’s. At first reggae was first performed by and for poor Jamaican’s, but quickly became popular throughout the Caribbean and around the world. Most reggae songs deal with social concerns and religious beliefs of the Afro-Caribbea n awareness of the Rastafarian religion. The term reggae is also applied today to reggae’s precursorRead More An Overview of Reggae Music Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pages Reggae is a genre of music that originated in Jamaica during the late 1960s. It is known for the heavy and strong emphasis on the bass within the background beat. Reggae was perceived as a kind of music used to express feelings about the social, political, and economic hardships in Jamaica during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was performed by musicians from black ghettos who used unhurried beats to make a style of music of their own. Reggae became an important part of the lifestyle of manyRead MoreCaribbean Music1076 Words   |  5 PagesCARIBBEAN MUSIC Introduction: Caribbean music originated from the Caribbean Islands, also known as the West Indies, and is a mixture of West African and European predominantly Spanish influences. 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Effective and Ineffective Management Behaviors Essay

Introduction In the case study: Nurse Manager Power the nurse manager Mrs. Jackson exhibits some punitive and unfair management behaviors that are detrimental to the unit and staff. This paper examines those unfavorable behaviors, suggestions to improve those behaviors, optimal team functioning behaviors, and corrective actions and outcomes. Behavioral Counseling If this author was the supervisor of Mrs. Jackson, the nurse manager in the case study: Nurse Manager Power a personal observation of the unit would first take place. Observed would be the unit’s work flow, staff behaviors and cohesiveness, and how Mrs. Jackson interacts with staff. During the observation staff would be interviewed about the unit and a chance to voice†¦show more content†¦Jackson to respond to the allocations. Time would be allowed for Mrs. Jackson to voice possible solutions. It would be impressed on Mrs. Jackson that these are not healthy management behaviors and misuse of power is not acceptable within the organization. As supervisor, this author would next assist Mrs. Jackson with creating a plan of action to correct these detrimental management behaviors. Included in this plan would be interventions, goals, and measurable outcomes to correct the unfavorable management behaviors and improve the unit. If Mrs. Jackson was unfamiliar with management policies and procedures within the organization they would be reviewed. Leadership development classes would be offered if available to assist in effective management development. Detrimental Management Behaviors Dictating In the case study: Nurse Manager Power the nurse manager, Mrs. Jackson, exhibited several behaviors that are or can be detrimental to the staff and functioning of the unit. First, Mrs. Jackson dictates solutions to the staff when a problem arises rather than consulting with the staff about the problem and possible solutions. This appears to be an abuse of power and there is no open communication or good interpersonal relations between the nurse manager and the unit staff. Demeaning in Public A second unfavorable behavior is instead of pulling the staff aside to privately address issues Mrs. Jackson degrades and demeans them openly in public. To make theShow MoreRelatedOffice Politics And Its Effect On An Organization1118 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst one another for self-gratification instead of for the organization (Smith, 2011). In addition, blaming others and gossiping are other destructive behaviors of office politics. Theses behaviors can be seen as jealously, where individuals do not want their coworkers to succeed (Smith, 2015). 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The Victorian Desalination Plant Project †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Victorian Desalination Plant Project. Answer: Introduction In the South Gippsland beside Wonthaggi, The Victorian Desalination Plant (VDP) was built up by Aquasure consortium. It is a public-private partnership between Aquasure and Victorian Government. The main scope behind this desalination plant was to provide with water pipeline for transferring water to the Melbourne regions and create a water network along with subversive power supply near Cardinia. Thiess Degremont Joint Venture made a contract with Aquasure for constructing and designing the venture while TDJV is supposed to maintain and operate VDP. Initially the project was referred as Environmental Effect Statement in environmentalmanagement framework but gradually it was developed and included with contractual requirements for both Maintenance and Operation (OM) and Construction and Design (DC) teams of the project(VICTORIAN DESALINATION PROJECT , 2010). According to theenvironment management agenda, the project needs to be planned and constructed according to the requirements laid in Environmental Performance document which is included in Project deed (Appendix S3)(SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, n.d.). Also the Victorian environmental legal needs and commonwealth requires to be fulfilled in order to support environmental performance requirements. One of the major objectives for both constructing and operating teams was to manage the venture without hampering environmental conditions of the regions. In order to meet water requirements in future, the Australian Government announced to initiate Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination plant in the year 2007 to provide drinking water from seawater. According to the plan, Melbourne would get sufficient water supply along with providing a set up of rainfall independent water supply system(Aquasure, 2017). Regulations Applicable To Vdp Project Environment Effects Act 1978 (Ees Act) In the year 2007, the planning Minister decided that VDPs environmental effects shall be documented under EE Act which was prepared in response to the Scoping Requirements issued by the Ministers in 2008(Madden, 2009). The EES estimated that 15000 workers in construction site along with 26000 workers in manufacturing unit were working for the site. It was found that many workers working there did not belonged to the local areas and thus the economic development in Gippsland area was decreasing. Under the EES Act, the facilitation of neighbouring industries was the main factor to determine the economic benefits in the local region along with providing them with employment and regional income. The economic growth is also possible if VDP is able to supply high voltage power to Gippsland and Bass Coast areas. Uncertain impact of marine structures in VDP region would be minor as compared to the social and economic benefits of project. Regional tourism is also supported as under EES Act, e nvironmental violation is prohibited which states that impact on regional tourism becomes minor. The Environment Protection Act 1970 (Ep Act) This act established various principles that are directly or indirectly related to themanagement of waste from desalination plants and its generation. PIW is the stream in which wastes from VDP flows and under EPA, it needs to be disposed to landfills under state license. According to the waste, it will be categorised and sent to landfills those are capable and possesses capacity to hold it. According to a survey, the VDP had concluded that they cannot minimise more wastage as it would then hamper the quality of water(Langdon, 2010). With the imposition of EPS, the waste minimisation and itsmanagement have effectively become dynamic and reusing possible resources is initiated. Disposing of pre treated wastes to landfills rather than oceans shall be adopted to make RO desalination process more consistent(David, 2013). The Renewable Energy Act 2006 According to Victorian Renewable Energy Target system, it requires electricity buyers to obtain a specified percentage of electricity from its renewable sources. The basic purpose of this act is to encourage investment for generating renewable energy. Protecting environment under EP Act requires commercial users of water and energy to implement and prepare Resource Efficiency plans to improve and utilise the available resources efficiently. Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme introduced by Australian government would replace MRET and other carbon polluting markets by permitting them an estimated level of emissions. Although it had not been confirmed that the same will apply to VDP also, but the effects of it can be seen in the project. Therefore under this act VDP will be entailed to minimise GHG emissions and would not only provide safe drinking water but also environment friendly atmosphere(Willingham, 2017). Catchment And Land Protection Act 1994 (Cmas) Beneficial uses and protection of ground water is provided by SEPP (WoV) under the statuary framework of policies whereas to manage water health, special law was introduced namely Catchment and Land Protection Act which was responsible for maintaining water hygiene under their authority. According to this act the regions in Westernport, Port Philip along with West Gippsland are regulated under a framework in which strategies related to river health is monitored. Under the Water Act 1989, CMAs have the authority whether to permit or not in the designated water supply regions. Thus with the help of CMAs, the Powlett rivers water will not get violated or have bad impact on flood system(WEST GIPPSLAND CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY, 2015). The pipeline system of water supply will become predictable and thus avoid hampering vegetation and reduction in marine ecological assets. Flora And Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Ffg Act) The basic reason behind introducing FFG Act is to promote conservation of flora and fauna in natives of Victorian region. It helps to manage processing those which prove to be threatening to the genetic diversity of environment. The chief goals of FFG Act state that it is mandatory to maintain the ecological communities by commercial centres(LGPro, 2017). Nearby range of species in bioregion along with prevention of declination in ratio of rare species or rare ecological community is also looked after under this act. All the native vegetation is protected under Victorian NVMF stated under the chief document in government policy. Preservation of Flora and Fauna under EPBC Act in which VDP focuses on implication under section 18 and 18A to prevent threatened community and species. If any loss of inhabitant takes place in the local provenance of plant, it will be compensated by local EVCs. Therefore, it can be said that due to FFG Act and EPBC Act, any significant effect is avoided at l east to those which are listed under Flora and Fauna Act. Contract Used For Vdp Project The Victorian Government gave the contract to Aquasure consortium in the year 2009 which consisted of Degremont Macquairie capital and Thiess. They were responsible for designing, financing and build the project along with operating and maintaining the desalination project for the next thirty years. A contract of $43 million was given to OLEX for supplying alternative high voltage current. Later in the year 2012 the plant was able to achieve full capacity after passing RTF tests(Kable Inteligence Report, 2018). Another subcontract of $6 million was given to Ausform for building water retaining systems. Along with these many other contracts were made by this public private partnership firm in order to complete the project within the given deadline along with meeting the legislations made by the government. Both construction and the operational teams are managed by the Environmental Management Plans that requires the project to be fulfilled after compiling all the rules and regulations (e Victorian Government Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 2015). Aquasure deed with Victorian Government is been approved for construction and maintenance phase for a limited time period. Risk Involved In Ppp Contract PPP can be defined as a contract in which government and private sector combines to provide public service or infrastructure. Although this is most appropriate for huge projects, the risks involved with such contracts cannot remain unseen. As an organisational structure it is very important to abide by contract rules and regulations in order to minimise risks and difficulties. Any issue in politics or home country or corruption creates disinterest among pubic and thus such firms are always vulnerable to nations political control. During the development stage, such projects can face difficulties due to geological condition or the government control over sites due to community infringement laws(Bing Li, n.d.). The duration of completion in projects can also determine the risks involved as longer the construction phase is, lesser the profits earned during the earning stage will be reduced by private sectors. As VDP was contracted for period of 30 years, the private firm partner may lose its profit sharing years if the construction phase is extended which shows monetary risk involved. Balancing commercial realities and governmental policy is again tough as regulation and excessive governmental control may hamper the quality of finished product. Most important risks involved in infrastructure projects are faced if any geotechnical surveyor or contractor claims increase in contract price or provide with bad quality of work. Since VDP is protected under various environmental laws, it can sometime become difficult to maintain a balance between environment and required condition. Permitting risks is another important risk involved in which the contracting teams require getting permission from the government regarding every change in management system and construction process. As government requires taking time for passing bills through different stage or area, many times the process becomes slow and lengthy. Finally the appropriation risks are involved when the public a gency fails to meet financial requirement for the project. This risk can affect the project where public agency is bound to make payments for assessing public private partnerships. Risk involved by political issue or change in country GDP can also affect the portion of public sector revenues. Thus by making contracts under PPP, the risk is been divided proportionally between the government and private sector thereby securing both client and contractor from getting violated(Innovative, 2012). References Aquasure (2017) Aquasure: The Victorian Desalination Project, 29 Jun, [Online], Available: https://www.aquasure.com.au/ [24 Mar 2018]. Bing Li, A.A.a.C.H. Risk involved in Public Private Partnership projects, [Online], Available: https://www.arcom.ac.uk/-docs/proceedings/ar2001-895-904_Li_Akintoye_and_Hardcastle.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. David, B. (2013) Paying for the Victorian desalination plant:A case study in regulatory ambiguity, 29 Jul, [Online], Available: https://www.esc.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/esc/44/443ccc28-1966-421d-bfc2-7d6a920e080c.pdf [2018 Mar 2018]. e Victorian Government Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (2015) Victorian Desalination Project, Mar, [Online], Available: https://www.water.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/54202/Fact-sheet-project-costs-March-2015.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. Innovative (2012) Risk Assessment for Public-Private Partnerships: A Primer, Dec, [Online], Available: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/pdfs/p3/p3_risk_assessment_primer_122612.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. Kable Inteligence Report (2018) Wonthaggi Desalination Plant, Victoria, [Online], Available: https://www.water-technology.net/projects/wonthaggidesalinatio/ [24 Mar 2018]. Langdon, D. (2010)Compliance With Environmental Performance Requirements Quarter 1 2010 Quarterly Report To The Minister For Environment And Climate Change,Apr, [Online], Available: https://www.water.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/54262/IREA-Quarterly-Report-Q1-2010-JanuaryMarch.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. LGPro (2017) Review of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Consultation , Mar, [Online], Available: https://lgpro.com/downloads/Representation/LGPro_Submission_response_to_the_Review_Flora_and_Fauna_Guarantee_Act_1988_-_28_March_2017.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. Madden, J. (2009) VICTORIAN DESALINATION PROJECT ASSESSMENT under ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS ACT 1978 , Jan, [Online], Available: https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/13516/Final_Assessment_-_Victorian_Desalination_Project.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. SUEZ Australia and New Zealand Victorian Dasalination Project, [Online], Available: https://www.degremont.com.au/media/general/VDP_8pp_FINAL.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. VICTORIAN DESALINATION PROJECT (2010), Jun, [Online], Available: https://www.aquasure.com.au/uploads/files/ProjectOverview.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. WEST GIPPSLAND CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (2015) Powlett River: Estuary Management Plan, Aug, [Online], Available: https://www.wgcma.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Powlett-River-Estuary-Management-Plan-2015-Final.pdf [24 Mar 2018]. Willingham, R. (2017) Renewable energy target of 40pc by 2025 to be enshrined in law by Victorian Government, 23 Aug, [Online], Available: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-23/victoria-energy-target-of-40pc-by-2025-to-be-enshrined-in-law/8833276 [24 Mar 2018].

Leadership Issues The Case of CEO Gary Kelly of Southwest Airlines

Introduction Extant literature demonstrates that leaders, through their leadership styles and practices, have the capacity to positively or negatively influence outcomes for business organizations, employees, customers and stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Issues: The Case of CEO Gary Kelly of Southwest Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, in the business scene of the 21st century, many organizations have remained afloat in the turbulent business environment due to effective leadership style demonstrated by leaders (Gittell, 2005). This paper looks into issues related to the leadership style, philosophy and effectiveness of Garry C. Kelly, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Southwest Airlines. Background Having spent almost two decades in the management realms of Southwest Airlines as a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Garry Kelly succeeded James F. Parker as the CEO of the com pany in 2004. Several years later, in 2008, Garry became the Chairman of the Board after the eventful retirement of founder, strategist and mentor Herb Kelleher. Kelly’s most outstanding achievements prior to his elevation to CEO included a successful fuel-hedging initiative that saw the airline sustain profitability and competitiveness, emphasis on the employment on passenger-friendly technology, and other cost-containment measures that to a large extent molded the company to what it is today (Hauck, 2008). Leadership Style, Philosophy Alignment with Culture The CEO’s emphasis on the importance of caring for people and putting employees first demonstrates that he practices servant leadership.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The servant leadership concept was coined in 1970 by Robert K. Greenleaf to demonstrate a kind of leadership that requires people to be s ervants first before aspiring to be leaders, and to assist followers to â€Å"grow healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, and more likely themselves to become leaders† (Boone Makhani, 2012 p. 83). Garry has been known to advance a leadership style that acknowledges and gives credit to employees by firmly believing that leadership is more a function of people’s relationships than position (Wright Mujtaba, 2011). In line with the servant leadership paradigm, Garry not only recognizes that the empowerment of people is an important goal, but also shares with them his vision for the future in addition to communicating the desired strategic direction of the organization with regard to its mission, values and beliefs. The CEO also demonstrates his moral objective of serving people by showing sensitivity to their concerns, facilitating employees to identify and solve challenges, demonstrating genuine concern for subordinates’ career growth and development by provid ing support and mentoring, and using actions and words to make it clear to employees that satisfying their work needs is a priority (Lauer, 2010). The CEO’s philosophy emphasizes â€Å"purpose, process, and people [that is], getting people to help define and then align with purpose, developing the processes to accomplish the purpose, and then attracting and maintaining people to push the processes† (Nowicki Summers, 2007 p. 118). This philosophy is firmly grounded on putting people first as reinforced by the corporate culture of Southwest. There is a near perfect alignment between the CEO’s leadership style and the organization’s culture by virtue of the fact that it underlines and reinforces people aspects that inform the corporate culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Issues: The Case of CEO Gary Kelly of Southwest Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These aspec ts include flexible workplace environment, recognition and appreciation of employees, group and team decision making, warrior spirit, leading with a Servant’s Heart, and a Fun-LUVing attitude (McGee-Cooper et al., 2008). Personal Organizational Values Extant literature demonstrates that Garry’s personal values of trust in employees, respecting people, caring attitude, vision, clarity, sacrifice, duty, aspiration and higher sense of purpose align well with the organizational values of putting employees first, excellent customer service, teamwork, rewarding employee excellence, enabling employees, customers and neighbors (stakeholders) to interact in an LOVE-filled environment, and doing the right thing as a way of life in Southwest Airlines (Southwest Airlines, 2008; Lauer, 2010). How Values Influence Ethical Behavior within the Organization Although employees come with their own values, organizations expect them to internalize and follow the values set by leaders for productivity and organizational competitiveness (Wright Mujtaba, 2011). As such, the CEO values mentioned above have influenced ethical behavior within Southwest by role-modeling with the view to developing and implementing a culture of dependable performance, passionate employees, valued customer service, dynamic community development, environmentally responsible decisions, and doing the right thing at the right time (Southwest Airlines, 2008). Through observing and internalizing the values of the CEO, Southwest employees feel more empowered to act and contribute to the decision making process. Employees also feel respected and are considered as a core pillar of the company, hence become more determined to serve customers with honesty and integrity while also serving the organization and the community (McGee-Cooper et al., 2008). The reinforcement of ethical behavior within Southwest can be demonstrated by the fact that the company continues to make huge profits while its competit ors are often not only incapable of breaking through, but also continue to be accused of corporate scandals and neglect to the environment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strengths Weaknesses One of Gary’s key strengths as chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines is predicated upon the capacity to use servant leadership style to foster organizational growth and development. The CEO is able to achieve this by deviating from the traditional leadership approach of dominating employees to an approach that listens to their concerns, respects their decisions, as well as empowers and inspires them to perform (Lauer, 2010). Such a leadership orientation leads to organizational growth and development. The second key strength is predicated upon his capacity to use servant leadership to instill in employees virtues of corroboration, teamwork and relationship building. Extant literature demonstrates that leaders who encourage teamwork and corroboration among employees achieve positive organizational outcomes (Wright Mujtaba, 2011). The third key strength is grounded on the CEO’s capacity to develop employees by not pushing organizational goals on t hem but rather taking time to understand their strengths and weaknesses, with the view to identifying their potential and higher purpose that they could never achieve on their own (Lauer, 2010). Among the weaknesses, it is clear that Gary will face difficulties when he is forced by market and competitive pressures to downsize employees because servant leadership does not advocate for employee sacking. The second weakness for Gary arises from the fact that he may fail to persuade employees to follow a particular trajectory in times of great uncertainty and organizational transformation due to the nature of servant leadership. Lastly, the CEO faces a weakness in disposing the attribute of openness and replacing it with confidentiality to maintain the integrity of employees as well as the organization’s core values and beliefs (Wright Mujtaba, 2011). It is plausible to mention that Gary can always fall back to the strong Southwest’s corporate culture to deal with the las t two weaknesses. Quality contributing to Success The quality that contributes most to the CEO’s success at Southwest Airlines, in my view, is respecting people. Through demonstrating respect to employees rather than dominating them with the power designated to his position as chairman and CEO, Gary has not only being able to generate strong loyalty, inspiration, commitment and motivation among members of staff, but also instilled in them strong values and belief to continue providing the best in a fun-filled environment that rewards teamwork, excellence and corroboration (Lauer, 2010). This way, Southwest Airlines has been able to remain profitable and aggressive even in the face of stiff competition. Communication, Collaboration, Power Politics Not only does the leadership of Southwest Airlines encourages open communication between managers and employees in an attempt to demonstrate a caring and responsive attitude towards employees’ needs and aspirations (Wright M ujtaba, 2011), but it also promotes a team spirit which enables employees to assume complimentary roles and cooperatively work together in sharing responsibility for problem-solving and decision-making processes (Raynor, 2011). This kind of arrangement has strengthened Southwest’s corporate culture, substantially reduced group and role conflicts, and facilitated employees to give their best in the provision of the required services to the company and in developing their career aspirations to the fullest potential. As a result, Southwest’s organizational dynamics is typified by trust, commitment, motivation and collaboration, leading to a near perfect alignment of leadership with culture. Although Gary has formal power vested in his position as the CEO of Southwest Airlines, his leadership approach orients him toward the need for increased collaboration and establishment of personal confidential relationships with employees. Southwest employees have informal power by vi rtue of having the needed expertise to be competitive in work-related contexts (Wright Mujtaba, 2011). However, they accommodate and submit to the directions given by the CEO, not through the process of domination but by following a set of ethical values and beliefs set by the leaders. Organizational politics at Southwest is kept at a minimum to facilitate group corroboration and teamwork. Indeed, the CEO uses the same lens when communicating and interacting with employees to create a sense of equality and fairness in line with the servant leadership approach (Boone Makhani, 2012). This way, the company has been able to hold together in its attempt to enhance productivity and competitiveness. References Boone, L.W., Makhani, S. (2012). Five necessary attitudes of a servant leader. Review of Business, 33(1), 83-96. Gittell, J.H. (2005). The Southwest Airlines way (1st ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Hauck, T.A. (2008). Southwest Airlines: Case study. Web. McGee-Cooper, A., Tramme l, D., Looper, G. (2008). The power of LUV: An inside peek at the innovative culture committee of Southwest Airlines. Reflections, 9(1), 49-54. Lauer, C. (2010). Southwest Airline. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO. Nowicki, M., Summers, J. (2007). Changing leadership styles. Healthcare Financial Management, 61(2), 118-120. Raynor, M.E. (2011). Disruptive innovation: The Southwest Airlines case revisited. Strategy Leadership, 38(4), 31-34. Southwest Airlines. (2008). Southwest cares. Web. Wright, A., Mujtaba, B.G. (2011). Southwest Airlines and management in the modern workplace. Journal of Research in International Business Management, 1(4), 77-84. 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