What They Are and How They Were Formed

The word pluvial is Latin for the word rain; therefore, a pluvial lake is often thought of as a formerly large lake created by excessive rain paired with little evaporation. In geography though, the presence of an ancient pluvial lake or its remnants represents a period when the worlds climate was much different from present-day conditions. Historically, such shifts changed arid areas into places with extremely wet conditions. There are also present-day pluvial lakes that show the importance of various weather patterns to a location. In addition to being referred to as pluvial lakes, ancient lakes associated with former wet periods are sometimes put into the category of paleolakes. Formation of Pluvial Lakes The study of pluvial lakes today is mostly tied to that of ice ages and glaciation as the ancient lakes have left distinct landform features. The most prominent and well studied of these lakes are usually related to the last glacial period as this is when they are thought to have formed. Most of these lakes formed in arid locations where there was initially not enough rain and mountain snow to establish a drainage system with rivers and lakes. As the climate then cooled with the onset of climate change, these dry locations turned wet because of different air flows caused by the large continental ice sheets and their weather patterns. With more precipitation, stream runoff increased and began to fill the basins in the formerly dry areas. Over time, as more water became available with the increased moisture, the lakes enlarged and spread across places with lower elevations creating enormous pluvial lakes. Shrinking of Pluvial Lakes Just as pluvial lakes are created by climate fluctuations, they are also destroyed by them over time. For example, as the Holocene epoch began after the last glaciation temperatures around the world rose. As a result, the continental ice sheets melted, again causing a shift in world weather patterns and making the newly wet areas once again arid. This period of little precipitation caused the pluvial lakes to experience a drop in their water levels. Such lakes are usually endorheic, meaning they are a closed drainage basin that retains precipitation and its runoff but it does not have a drainage outlet. Therefore without a sophisticated drainage system and no incoming water, the lakes began to gradually evaporate in the dry, warm conditions usually found in their locations. Â   Some of Today’s Pluvial Lakes Though the most famous of todays pluvial lakes are significantly smaller than they used to be because of the lack of precipitation, their remnants are important aspects of many landscapes around the world. The United States Great Basin area is famous for having the remains of two large pluvial lakes -- Lakes Bonneville and Lahontan. Lake Bonneville (map of former Lake Bonneville) once covered nearly all of Utah as well as portions of Idaho and Nevada. It formed about 32,000 years ago and lasted until approximately 16,800 years ago. Lake Bonnevilles demise came with reduced precipitation and evaporation, but most of its water was lost as it overflowed through Red Rock Pass in Idaho after the Bear River was diverted to Lake Bonneville following lava flows in the area. However, as time passed and little rain fell into what remained of the lake, it continued to shrink. The Great Salt Lake and the Bonneville Salt Flats are the largest remaining portions of Lake Bonneville today. Lake Lahontan (map of former Lake Lahontan) is a pluvial lake that covered nearly all of northwestern Nevada as well as parts of northeastern California and southern Oregon. At its peak about 12,700 years ago, it covered approximately 8,500 square miles (22,000 square kilometers). Like Lake Bonneville, Lake Lahontans waters gradually began to evaporate resulting in a drop in lake level over time. Today, the only remaining lakes are Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake, both of which are located in Nevada. The rest of the lake’s remnants consist of dry playas and rock formations where the ancient shoreline was. In addition to these ancient pluvial lakes, several lakes still exist around the world today and are dependent on an areas precipitation patterns. Lake Eyre in South Australia is one. During the dry season portions of the Eyre Basin are dry playas but when the rainy season begins the nearby rivers flow to the basin, increasing the lake’s size and depth. This is dependent though on the seasonal fluctuations of the monsoon and some years the lake can be much larger and deeper than others. Todays pluvial lakes represent the importance of precipitation patterns and the availability of water for a locale; whereas the remains of ancient lakes show how a shift in such patterns can alter an area. Regardless of whether or not a pluvial lake is ancient or still existing today though, they are important components of an area’s landscape and will remain so as long as they continue to form and later disappear.

Food And Shelter Architecture And Food - 786 Words

Food and shelter have always been a part of our conscious and often dominate our immediate attention. (Hosey, 2003.) They are a part of our routine news, entertainment, work, interests and even our obsessions. A large number of journals, websites and television shows are centered on food as well as shelter. It seems evident that food and shelter have a noticeable connection. They lure our senses. Food starts to imitate architecture and architecture imitates food. It is a stronger profound connection between the two that keeps these subjects at the forefront of our bulletin and our consciousness. Architecture and food adhere to similar principles: design phase or ingredient gathering, building phase or food preparation and finally usage or consumption. Initiating from regional elements such as regional terrain these elements later befall into a fragment of the terrain after their life cycle. Architecture and cuisine manifest themselves in the making; both evolve and last in the form of memories, tastes, and time. They represent a universe of sensual materials based on reflecting with things; rather than reflecting about things. If a gourmet dish is an expression of the human talent for transforming terrestrial materials into an edible substance, a cooking ritual is reflecting with materials, food science is merely thinking about that material. A cook thinks using the ingredients in his or her kitchen, whereas, a nutritionist or dietician thinks using denomination such asShow MoreRelatedStray Animals From Jackson County1152 Words   |  5 Pagesthis issue could be to add an animal shelter, or an animal rescue center somewhere within the community or county. Adding an animal shelter, or animal rescue center would open up a temporary source of food and shelter for these stray animals within the community. 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Americas Government Dependency - 903 Words

Government dependency is replacing the illegal drug trade as the most destructive force in our country. Politicians are the counterparts to the drug kingpins, as are their appointed bureaucrats to the pushers and enforcers. We welcome them into our homes, neighborhoods, schools, businesses, and allow them to infiltrate every corner of society. The pushers and enforcers that feed our addiction to big-government money, exhibit many of the same traits and tactics as drug dealers. The idea of getting more and more people hooked, thus assuring millions of mindless users for life is the same. Not to mention, they offer career employment opportunities for the kingpins and pushers. Chemical dependency, the devastating conventional drug problem†¦show more content†¦When dependence upon and subservience to the state replaced teaching of critical and rational thinking skills, indoctrination replaced education. The remaining dregs of the public education system, from kindergarten to graduate school, send woefully unprepared young people into society lacking the skills and knowledge to function and survive on their own. The hunters, gatherers, and entrepreneurs of free-willed, independent people are quickly being supplanted by beggars and unmotivated hoards of whining miscreants. They prefer to accept the federal government as the ultimate power over their economic and personal lives, and in turn, mortgage their future and their children’s futures for more government induced euphoria. Most animals instinctively teach their young how to survive before sending them into the world. Unfortunately, our instincts have devolved into teaching dependence. We see the finished product of nanny-state incompetence with the tantrum crowd’s demostrations on Wall Street demanding even more government. They whine about the evils of Capitalism and the free-enterprise system and demand the dismantling of both. 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Company Relocation Project Plan for Healthcare- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompany Relocation Project Plan for Healthcare. Answer: Introduction to the project The project plan is based on to manage moving the company to another location. A private healthcare provider in Singapore desires to relocate their healthcare business to another city of Singapore. The relocation decision is taken to improve the healthcare business by expanding the IT infrastructure and better serve the clients and healthcare associates. The entire relocation of the company is dependent in companys size. The company decides to outgrow the current space due to their expanded workforces, and they also need an efficient and updated facility to relocate their business. The relocation process needs proper planning of the location, finding of the office space, office fit out, technology, visual and furniture. This particular project plan includes of key dates of moving the office, strategies for the office move, IT and telecom infrastructure needs and communication considerations. The main benefit of this project plan is to deliver the plan within scheduled time and also budget. This report reflects on project scope statement based on six items such as objectives, deliverables, milestones, limits and exclusions, technical requirements and review with the customer. It also establishes three project priorities criteria for determining the priorities based on factors such as time, scope and cost. It provides a work breakdown structure, estimation of the cost with time phase budget. It also provides a Gantt chart which shows the estimated time with proper end and finish date of entire relocation plan of the healthcare provider business. Project scope statement Project objectives Following are the objectives of the project plan: To complete the project plan on scheduled time and estimated budget To complete check for the live operations of the relocation plan To approve the construction documents, furniture plans and moving map To expand the IT infrastructure and support of the healthcare provider business To better service and provide healthcare services to the patients, clients and healthcare associates Project deliverables In order to successfully complete the project plan, all the project deliverables are required to meet and approve by the project manager (Fisher, 2014). The lists of deliverables for relocation of the business to another location are as follows: Survey of new office space before construction phase Relocation of the healthcare business with minor modifications to current operational building Real time office relocation of the employees and contractors Expansion of the IT infrastructure as well as system along with upgradation of the online throughout the move Project documentation such as project management plan, construction document, furniture plan and moving map such as interior layout Milestones The project milestones are: Task Name Expected Start Completion of Feasibility Analysis Phase 12/12/17 Completion of Planning Phase 12/26/17 Completion of Relocation phase 2/15/18 Completion of Closing phase 2/22/18 Technical requirements Following are the technical requirements to relocate of the business are: The building where the office is relocated should meet with the building code and it should have authorized holder. Provide the new location details into the official website of the company so that the customers should know about their relocation (Huang, Chaiprapat Waiyagan, 2015). End of the project plan on time such as within 67 days Obtaining of the insurance and permit from the higher authority and government to construct the office building Providing of training to the staffs so as to handle the project relocation plans Limits and exclusions The limitations of the project plan are that there is limited budget, therefore the relocation plan requires more fund. There is lot of downtime into the company while moving of their business to another location (Indelicato, 2014). Extra resources are required for the plan so that there is need to add more cost which may extend the project schedule. Review with customer The workers those are working into the company should provide their review and feedback using communication processes such as survey and weekly meetings. Based on the feedback of the workers, the relocation work of the company is continued so that in future the workers can get better working environment and they are satisfied to work on it. Establish project priorities Before the project manager started to work on the project plan, there is requirement to develop the project priorities as based on those the work should be done. It enables the project manager to determine which of three criterias are most essential (Manning, 2014). The project priority matrix for company relocation plan is: Criteria Time Scope Cost Constrain Enhance Accept The responsibility of the project manager is to estimate of the time, cost and provide the scope of the relocation project plan those are considered as the three main principles into the project priority matrix. Into this particular project plan, the priorities are as follows: Time: Time is considered as a constraint, as it is required to start the plan on scheduled time which is 22nd November, 2017 and end the plan on estimated plan with duration of 67 days. Proper finish is required on time as the company should start their healthcare business into new location on time. Scope: The project scope may enhance when new requirements are added into the plan. There should also possibility of scope changes into middle of the project phase (Rivinus, 2013). Cost: There is limited cost into the project; therefore project funding is required to meet with the project requirements for relocation of the business. Before start of the project, the project sponsor should estimate the resources properly so that later there are no chances of increasing the budgeted cost. Therefore, it is accepted by the project sponsor for funding requirements. When the three principles are accepted, then the project manager ranks those based on their priorities on the project. Based on the ranking system, time has highest priority, budget has second and scope consists of third priority. Create Work Breakdown Structure The following tables show the works which are taken place into the project plan: WBS Project Activities 0 Project Plan: To manage moving the company to another location 1 Feasibility Analysis Phase 1.1 Project charter 1.2 Preliminary project scope 1.3 Needs analysis 1.3.1 Needs of the business 1.3.2 Needs of the customers 2 Planning Phase 2.1 Selection of the contractor 2.1.1 Building materials specifications 2.2 IT specification plan 2.3 Furniture vendor selection 3 Relocation phase 3.1 Legal, IT and project management 3.2 Checklist for furniture delivery 3.3 New IT system delivery checklist 3.4 Server deployment report 3.5 Move map and schedule report 4 Closing phase 4.1 Sign off report of project manager 4.2 Final IT system testing report The work packages are the related tasks within the project plan. It is considered as the smallest unit of the work in which the project is being broken down to create the work breakdown structure. At the time of preparing of the work break down structure, the deliverables are broken down into managerial pieces of the work. The process of deconstruction is continued until the deliverables are small, then it is considered as the work packages (Wells Kloppenborg, 2015). The works packages are the lowest activity of the work breakdown structure for each the activities. In this project relocation plan, the work packages are considered as: Preliminary project scope, Needs of the customers, Furniture vendor selection, Move map and schedule report and Final IT system testing report. Each of the work packages should be small so that the project manager can estimate both the duration as well as cost (Indelicato, 2014). Those identified work packages are scheduled, cost estimation and controll ed properly. The work packages are important as it permits to work on various components of the project plan. Figure 1: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) Figure 2: Work breakdown structure (Source: Created by author) Cost estimation Project activities Duration Budget Cost of office space occupancy Week 1 $ 1500 Insurance cost Week 2 $ 300 Cost of the transaction Week 3 $ 840 Permits fees for the office building Week 4 $ 2000 Design and office fitting out cost Week 5 $ 2000 Furniture cost Week 6 $ 1000 Delivery and installation cost of the furniture Week 7 $ 800 IT cabling Week 8 $ 1700 Cost for the disposal Week 9-10 $ 200 Printing cost Week 11 $ 300 Marketing and operational cost Week 12 $ 500 Other costs Week 13 $ 4700 Total cost for the project: $ 15,840 Within this particular cost estimation, the project manager uses the bottom up estimation technique which shows the expected cost of the work which is taken place. The estimated and total project cost should require being equal ((Huang, Chaiprapat Waiyagan, 2015). As the cost estimation is accurate, therefore it is the best process. Using this cost estimation method, the actual cost of all the work packages are calculated properly. Time phase budget: Chart 1: Time phase budget (Source: Created by author) References Fisher, C. (2014). New Techniques in Project Management.AJIBM,04(12), 739-750. Huang, G., Chaiprapat, S., Waiyagan, K. (2015). Automated process planning and cost estimation under material quality uncertainty.The International Journal Of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Indelicato, G. (2014). A Compendium of PMO Case Studies: Reflecting Project Business Management Concepts.Project Management Journal,45(2), e4-e4. Manning, S. (2014). Mitigate, tolerate or relocate? Offshoring challenges, strategic imperatives and resource constraints.Journal Of World Business,49(4), 522-535. Rivinus, C. (2013). IT project prioritization: A practical application of knowledge management principles.Business Information Review,30(4), 196-203. Wells, K., Kloppenborg, T. (2015).Project management essentials. New York, NY: Business Expert Press.